in vivo

In vivo refers to tests conducted in living organisms, such as animals, to study the effects of a substance—like a food additive, chemical, or contaminant—on health. These studies can show how a substance behaves in a whole organism, including absorption, metabolism, and potential toxicity.

EFSA uses in vivo data when necessary to assess food safety, but it emphasizes more ethical approaches. Whenever possible, EFSA promotes and relies on in vitro (cell or tissue-based) and in silico (computer-based) methods, which reduce or replace animal testing. By combining in vivo data with these alternative methods, EFSA ensures thorough, reliable risk assessments while following modern ethical standards.