replacement, reduction and refinement (3Rs)
An internationally accepted approach to reduce the use of animals in research by, wherever possible, requiring studies to use alternative models and/or making refinements to the methods to minimise any distress when animals are used
In food safety risk assessment, Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement (3Rs) are principles aimed at using animals in research more ethically. Replacement means using non-animal methods whenever possible, like computer models or cell-based tests. Reduction means using fewer animals to get the same scientific information. Refinement means improving procedures to minimize pain, suffering, or stress for animals that are used.
EFSA applies the 3Rs by promoting in silico (computer-based) and in vitro (lab-based) methods to assess the safety of foods, chemicals, and novel proteins. This helps reduce reliance on animal testing while still ensuring robust, reliable risk assessments for public health.