Technical Report
External Scientific Report
African swine fever
African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease of pigs and wild boar that causes high mortality in the affected animals This virus is harmless to humans, but it causes significant socio-economic disruption in many countries. Areas affected by ASF suffer significant financial losses due to the loss of animals, restrictions on movements of pigs, wild boar and their products, and cost of control measures. The disease can take several years to eradicate. There are neither vaccines nor cures. The typical signs of ASF include fever, abortions, bleeding and sudden death.
Healthy pigs and wild boar usually become infected by:
- Direct contact with infected animals
- Indirect contact through ingestion of products from infected animals, contact with contaminated clothing, vehicles or equipment
- Bites by infectious soft ticks (where present)
Where is it found?
ASF is endemic Consistently present in a population or region, whether dormant or active as measured by clinical tests. in sub-Saharan Africa, where the disease was initially discovered. In Europe, ASF was restricted to the Italian island of Sardinia from 1995 until 2007. However, in 2007 ASF outbreaks occurred in Georgia, and the disease spread to the neighbouring countries, affecting domestic pigs and wild boar. In 2014, the first outbreaks were reported in the European Union, affecting wild boar from the Baltic states and Poland. Since then, the disease has spread to other EU countries and neighbouring non-EU countries, and there have been outbreaks in Asia, Oceania and some American countries in recent years.
For more detailed information on the disease characteristics, transmission and worldwide distribution of the pathogen Organism (e.g. bacterium, virus and parasite) that can cause disease., see the ASF disease profile.
Latest
The number of outbreaks of African swine fever (ASF) in pigs and cases reported in wild boar in the European Union (EU) fell considerably in 2022 compared to the previous year, according to the Epidemiological analysis of African swine fever in the European Union during 2022. The disease was detected in eight EU countries in pigs and eleven countries in wild boar.
Milestones
2022
July
EFSA started a project for the evaluation of ASF virus survival in feed, bedding material and mechanical vectors, aimed at better understanding the potential role of these aspects in virus transmission to improve future risk assessments.
May
EFSA publishes its annual epidemiological report on the ASF situation in the EU, including an assessment of different strategies for the implementation of a ‘white zone’ for wild boar.
2021
June
EFSA publishes a series of scientific opinions addressing the gaps in the control of ASF and the research priorities regarding transmission by vectors, control of wild boar and seasonality. Experts assess the role of outdoor pig farming systems in the EU on the introduction and spread of ASF, and propose biosecurity and control measures.
March
EFSA publishes surveillance recommendations for providing evidence of ASF absence in wild boar populations, also called ‘exit strategy’.
2020
August
EFSA launches a major campaign to raise awareness of and help halt the spread of ASF.
January
EFSA publishes its annual report on African swine fever in the EU, showing that the affected area of the EU expands progressively, moving mainly in a south-western direction. In the meantime, Czechia becomes officially free of the disease.
2019
November
EFSA publishes a risk assessment of African swine fever in south-eastern Europe evaluating the possibility of its spread in neighbouring countries.
2018
July
EFSA identifies strategies for managing wild boar at different stages of an epidemic of ASF: what should be done before, during and after.
2017
March
The first annual epidemiological analysis by EFSA and Member States concludes that ASF is spreading slowly in the Baltic countries and Poland.
2014
April
EFSA concludes that the risk of ASF becoming endemic in Georgia, Armenia and Russia increased from moderate to high.
EFSA's role
EFSA provides independent scientific advice to assist risk managers (the European Commission, European Parliament and Member States) in making appropriate decisions and actions.
EFSA and its experts have provided scientific advice on African swine fever numerous times over the past years by assessing the risk of introduction and different control strategies, looking at the role of vectors and outdoor pig farms, and providing surveillance recommendations for the absence of disease in wild boar populations, among others.
EFSA has a mandate to provide annual epidemiological updates on the evolution of African swine fever in the EU and to review the risk factors involved in the maintenance and spread of the disease. For those reports, EFSA collects data from Member States, supporting them in the standardisation and submission of the data.
The European Union has drawn up specific prevention and control measures to be applied where African swine fever is suspected or confirmed either in holdings or in wild boar.
‘Stop African swine fever’ campaign
Since 2019 EFSA has run three editions of the campaign 'Stop African swine fever’ in partnership with local authorities of the targeted countries. The campaign aims at producing and distributing informative material about the disease and how to prevent its introduction and control it.