African swine fever outbreaks increase in pigs and wild boar across the EU

In 2025, African swine fever (ASF) outbreaks increased across the European Union in both domestic pigs (+76%) and wild boar (+44%) compared to 2024, according to EFSA’s latest annual epidemiological report. The disease reemerged in Spain after 31 years without detections, raising the number of affected Member States to 14.

Last year, the EU carried out record levels of ASF surveillance, analysing over 518,000 samples from domestic pigs and 618,000 samples from wild boar. Passive surveillance detected 84% of ASF outbreaks in domestic pigs and 73% of outbreaks in wild boar. EFSA’s scientists recommend that affected Member States continue to prioritise this type of approach in their monitoring efforts.  

Domestic pigs 

EU Member States detected 585 ASF outbreaks last year, a 76% increase compared with 2024. Despite this rise, the number remained lower than the levels recorded every year between 2018 and 2023, with the exception of 2022.

The increase was largely driven by Romania, which accounted for 81% of all EU outbreaks during 2025. Further increases were reported in Croatia, Estonia and Latvia. 

Most outbreaks (91%) occurred in establishments with fewer than 100 pigs. A clear summer peak was observed, although in some Member States this peak was less pronounced but more prolonged than in previous years.

Wild boar 

ASF outbreaks in wild boar reached their highest level (11,036) in the EU since 2021. This represents a 44% increase compared with 2024 (7,677). Poland accounted for nearly one in three outbreaks (31%).

Spanish authorities reported the first ASF outbreaks in wild boar since 1995 in Catalonia. Genetic analysis did not find a close match with any known ASF strains currently circulating in Europe, and no source of introduction was identified. Another translocation event was also detected in Germany. 

In several countries, such as Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania and Slovakia, a clear winter peak in wild boar outbreaks was observed, while no consistent seasonal pattern was evident in other Member States.

During 2025, successful regional campaigns to control the disease in wild boar populations took place in Czechia and in southern Italy.